Much of the literature surrounding The Geopoetics of Drawing presumes a great deal of prior knowledge about complex ideas relating to philosophy, ethics, anthropology, psychology and geography. Some key texts and authors also use vague, poetic language or academic sesquipedalian speech (the use of big words to sound smart) to communicate ideas. The accompanying Glossary summarises some key terms and theories (including, but not limited to, terms used within this paper) in the hope that conversations around this topic may be more inclusive. Italicized text indicates that the term can be found in the Glossary.
NB – White’s texts would be dated, but I was not permitted the time to read across all of his works. Texts were taken from the Scottish Centre for Geopoetics, who have not offered dates or references to follow up. Additionally, I was not able to access a number of small run publications about Geopoetics.
Introduction
Theoretically and materially considering the diverse ways in which to understand and approach place, environment and that which is non-human. The mutually enriching parallels between mark-making and the geopoetical approach have the potential to unearth new ways of responding to the Earth as part of a developing, expanded and eco-sensitive drawing practice.
Geopoetics offer a theoretical framework for the reconsideration of the Earth, the experience of which can be understood through philosophical, spiritual and scientific perspectives. Practice-based approaches to research, embodied knowing and expanded geographies can help to explain the transformational impact of art-making on morality and sustainability. Art, specifically drawing, may be an effective vehicle away from an anthropocentrically conditioned self.
The growing field of Drawing Research includes practice, investigation, reflection, theorising and experimentation (Garner, 2008; Petherbridge, 2008) yet phenomenological studies of place-based mark-making practices are rare (Sarkar, 2021). ‘Poetics’ refers to Aristotlean poetic intelligence (the fundamental dynamics of thought) and is therefore inclusive of all artforms (White, n.d.a), yet most geopoetical literature concerns itself with poetry. As such, Geopoetical Drawing in the Expanded Field appears to be a completely unexplored area of investigation.
As an interdisciplinary and untapped field, the availability of specific, peer-reviewed literature is limited. Therefore, this review takes an expanded methodology in including the theoretical approaches that underpin a geopoetical markmaking practice, in which contemporary research published within the last decade sits alongside older key texts.
Understanding Geopoetics
Responding to a threatened biosphere with ecocritical and inspirational reasoning, Kenneth White coined the term ‘Geopoetics’ (Graziadei, 2011), which, etymologically translating as ‘earth-making’, can be considered an ‘action’. The Scottish Centre for Geopoetics (Bell et al, 2020, p.2) offers 7 key defining elements of geopoetics: an epistemological centring of Earth; a heightened sensory and noetical awareness of Earth; an intention to overcome dualistic mind:body and human:non-human distinctions; learning from others who have sought a new approach to thinking and living; a creative, geological, geographical, philosophical, scientific or otherwise multidisciplinary expression of the Earth; multidisciplinary contributions to the wider geopoetical discourse; and, the potential for radical individual, cultural and societal renewal.
As a multidisciplinary composite field of action, inquiry (Skinner, 2020; White, 1994b) and route-finding creative theory-practice, geopoetics encompasses multiple, holistic, creative manifestations (Magrane et al, 2020; Magrane, 2021; White, n.d.a) of: geography (Madge, 2014); space, place and landscape; language; ecological anthropospherics; Noospherics; the Anthropocene; the more/other-than-human; the human-non-human interchange and the reimagining and equitable resetting of human-nature relationships (Brownlow, 1978, cited in Ryan, 2020, p.104; Madge, 2014; Magrane et al, 2020; Magrane, 2021), any of which can be expressed creatively scientifically, existentially, emotionally and/or spiritually (Golańska and Kronenberg, 2020).
‘Ecopoetics’ is sometimes used interchangeably with geopoetics (Magrane et al, 2020; Skinner, 2020) whereas some argue that eco-poetics is a broad term that relates to Earth ecologies, and geo-poetics is concerned with the mineral kingdom only (Clifford and Williams, 2020). This is comparable to Ryan’s (2020) ‘phyto-(geo)poetics’: meaning-making with the botanical world. White and Poulet (2014) demand distinction altogether, comparing the meaningful, coherent, inner strength of geopoetics with the delusive contentment that comes with confusing, disparate ideologies of ecopoetics.
The applications of geopoetics is vast (Graziadei, 2011), spanning from restorative, meditative, creative methodologies (White, 1989, cited in Graziadei, p. 164), philosophical Nietzschean epistemological frameworks of imaginative mimesis and diegesis (Günzel, 2001, cited in Graziadei, p. 163), to the ‘everyday intelligence’ of place as an analytical tool for textured commentary (Italiano, 2009, cited in Graziadei, pp. 165-166). However, despite any differences, Geopoetics consistently promotes a protective, biocentric and empathetic reconsideration and reconfiguration of the dominant anthropocentrism of Western culture (Golańska and Kronenberg, 2020; Magrane et al, 2020).
Reconsidering the Land
There are three main approaches to interpreting moral questions surrounding human:non-human relationships within environmental ethics; anthropocentrism (e.g. Vardy and Grosch, 1999), physiocentrism/ecocentrism (e.g. Leopold, 1949, cited in Millstein, 2018) and theocentrism (Ott, 2020). Human:non-human relationships are also a foundation for sub-divisional ideas surrounding ecofeminism, ecophenomenology, social ecology (Molina-Motos, 2019). White and Poulet (2013) describe three types of ecology; Haeckelian biological ecology, Wellsian human:social ecology and Batesons ecology of mind. Each of these dynamics provide a perspective in understanding nature.
Dominant perspectives
Western thought and science have been developed on a categorical, dualistic and reductive world-view between humanity and nature that has been built upon over centuries (Coleman, 2016; Ingold, 2000; White, 1994a). Abrams (1997) believes the human:non-human disentanglement coincided specifically with the introduction of the [abstracted] alphabet. Language was still sensuous and embodied within indigenous/oral cultures yet this became overshadowed by self-reflexive Western philosophies – a culture which reflects [primarily through printed word] its egocentric priorities back to itself.
However, the historical rise of anti-nature philosophies can be clearly tracked: from Plato/Aristotle’s hierarchical systems, through to Virgil/Horace’s notion of the nature ‘retreat’, Christian teleologics as argued by Augustine/Aquinas, the Renaissance civilization and escape of nature, Cartesian subject-object celebration of man over nature, the material:moral:political augmentation of nature-contact during the Age of Discovery – of which Kubrin (2002-3, cited in Morgain, 2013, p.299), asserts that Western Enlightenment rejection of a ‘superstitious’ Europe made it easier to invalidate the religious:magical beliefs of those they dehumanised and colonised – and the Industrial exploitation and commodification of the environment (McWilliam, 2008; White, 1994a). Now we are in a period of ‘ungroundedness’, abandoning our earthly roots in pursuit of perpetual, meaningless Capitalism (White, n.d.a).
An alternative approach
Humankind falsely believes itself to be of equal force to nature, yet our fixation of cataloguing everything could also be obscuring our route out of ecological catastrophes. Altering our perception of nature is literally a matter of human survival (Dickson and Clay, 2020).
Acknowledging that Anthropocentric critique favours Global Northern perspectives (DeLoughrey, 2019), the nature-based Reclaiming tradition of paganism criticizes and implicates the mechanistic approach of modern science with oppression, environmental destruction and colonialism. They reject the disconnection of materiality and spirit respond by identifying with the knowledge dismissed by religion and science (Morgain, 2013).
Despite Einstein expressing sorrow about the incompatibility of logical clarity and embodied truth, we need to move beyond this proliferating dualistic approach and actively pursue new visions of the future (White, 1994b). This is championed by Starhawk (1999, cited by Morgain, 2013, p.296), who encourages us to embrace contradiction with ‘both/and’ thinking as opposed to the culturally dominant ‘either/or’ mindset. Conventional science – challenged by the irregular, fluctuating, unpredictable complexities of quantum physics and thermodynamics – cannot claim to have all the answers we need (White, 1994b). Through an indigenous lens, botanist Kimmerer (2013) explores the liminal spaces between modern and traditional sciences and how human:non-human connections can cultivate more sustainable practices.
Madge (2014) describes how the ecohumanities are also making attempts to challenge this Western academic and societal preference to rational argumentation (whilst disregarding more bodily forms of knowing). Ingold (2000) believes anthropology is particularly helping to close the gap between the humanities, natural sciences and arts.
Experiencing Place
Phenomenological philosophy can help us to reframe nature away from the dominant Western Cartesian approach. May (1958, cited in Hoelterhoff, 2010, p.66) conceived three means by which to understand human experience – umwelt (the physicality of internal and external environments), mitwelt (personal relationships), and eigenwelt (individual’s unconsciousness) – through which we can comprehend nature-based experience.
Perception and Experience
Ingold (2000) counters Gibson’s theory of direct perception in that the brain is not a data-processing machine (an ‘internal’ mind), but rather that perception is a consequence of the whole-body immersion and movement of the perceiver within their environment (the mind as ‘external’). This is comparable to Deleuze (1991, cited by White, n.d.b., para.8), who proposed that thought is not reflective of a link between two objects, but that it takes places within a relationship to earth and territory. Jokela (2008), in reference to Norberg-Schulz’s ‘genius loci’, reflects on the convergence of place, heritage and identity in the belief that place is identity-forming geographical entity.
Taïeb (2020), however, believes that inhabited spaces – our perceptions of which are bounded by assigned functionalities, internalised social norms and knowledge of place – eventually become little more than the scenery of our actions as we stop perceiving them altogether.
Whitehead (1929, cited by Sjöstedt-H, 2016) suggests a panexperientialist philosophy of organism, in which perception is shared by both object and viewer in a synthetisation of mind and matter. Although Western science rejects such anthropomorphism on grounds of epistemological humility (Taylor, 2021), Caracciolo (2014, cited in Ryan, 2020, p.112) counters consciousness-attribution with consciousness-enactment, suggesting that subjects (e.g. a rock, animal, plant, landscape) can communicate in the first person by granting the reader access to its mind. Similarly, Abrams (1997) explains how the mind is understood by the Navajo people as a participatory wind as opposed to a personal possession. Therefore, all elements within an inhabited ecosystem contribute to a state of mind, which in turn, is the source of shamanistic/sorcerer gifts.
Alaimo (2010, cited in Coleman, 2016, p.88) emphasizes the mutual entanglement of the human:non-human through literal, permeable contact zones, supporting Bachelard (1958), Lowenthal (1961, cited by Magrane, 2015, p.87-88), and White (n.d.a), who argues that it is essential for Geopoets to maintain contact between thought and feeling, idea and sensation, further underlining the importance of imagination rooted in earth-based lived experience. In particular, Rawson (1969, cited in Petherbridge, 2008, p.32) defined drawing as the most ‘fundamentally spiritual’ of all creative pursuits as markmaking has a symbolic relationship with experience.
Spirituality
Kala (2017) demands recognition of the spiritual potential of nature conservation. Nature-based spiritualities have historically been and continue to be an important global force. Lovelock’s (1972, cited by Taylor, 2011, p.14) science-based Gaia hypothesis has been influential within “dark green” spirituality, which Taylor (2011) considers to be religion-like beliefs and practices defined by the intrinsic value of nature. Many different experiences and insights lead towards these “dark green” cosmovisions – which includes but is not limited to: cosmogony, religion, perceptions of belonging to nature, a sense of interconnected mutual dependences, place-based human humility, environmental intrinsic valuations, kinship and loyal affection for the Earth (Taylor, 2011; 2021). Specifically, to practice magic is to acknowledge the overlapping human:environment consciousness to connect to an ‘enspirited world’; through symbolic:manifest deities, pantheistic/polytheistic practices enable relationships to be developed with the aspects of the natural world they represent (Morgain, 2013).
However, Hoelterhoff (2010) repudiates ‘supernatural’, transpersonal, faith-like experiences rooted in the subjective/phenomenological as it rejects objective, empirical truths. A lack of testability does not evidence spiritual forces, nor does a dismissal of ‘Western’ science necessarily result in deep understanding. Luhrmann (1994, cited in Morgain, 2013, p. 293) argued that [pagan/magical] communities accept unconventional, irrational beliefs through a cognitive process called ‘interpretive drift’, whereby ritual and induced altered states of consciousness train the brain to be convinced of mystical workings. Yet both Hanegraaff (2003, cited by Morgain, 2013, p.293) and Greenwood (2009, ibid.) defend the kind of magical, human, analogical thinking that is rejected by modern science, with the former arguing that cognitive adjustments actually need to be made to challenge the assumptions of Western scientific thought.
Scientific approaches
Attraction of landscape is explained by research into environmental aesthetics as life-sustaining places evoke strong positive responses rooted in sociobiological evolution (McWilliam, 2008); we are hardwired to respond positively with nature. Nature Connectedness is a field of psychological inquiry that investigates these subjective relationships with the world via contact, emotion, compassion, meaning and beauty (Lumber et al, 2017). Feeling connected to Nature has a statistically significant positive impact on eudaimonic and hedonic mental wellbeing (Howell et al, 2013; Pritchard et al, 2020). Organisations such as The Mental Health Foundation and WWF (Baldwin-Cantello et al, 2021) champion nature for positive wellbeing and is an area that has investment from the UK Department for Environment (2020).
However, Hoelterhoff (2010) accuses ecopsychology of abandoning research-focused approaches, arguing that ecopsychologists who advocate revolutionary worldviews are no longer scientists but evangelists who peddle a convenient modern reworking of New Age spirituality. Although statistically significant human:environment relationships may be established through environmental-behaviourist approaches, there is a lack of depth regarding human:ecology exchange. None of this offers a practical, empirical foundation on which to base psychology, and thus instead belongs in the realms of eco-philosophy (ecosophy) or eco-spirituality.
Geopoetics in practice can be understood through any or all of these lenses.
Poetics in Practice
Making as research
Similarly to Geopoetics, Drawing Research is considered ‘making knowledge’ (Garner, 2008), a denkraum process of thinking with and through drawing to make discoveries and consider potentialities (Rosenberg, 2008). Analogous to Nietzsche’s metaphysical concept of the artist-philosopher (White, n.d.b), artistic practice is a disruptive process of generating research that challenges dualistic approaches to knowledge that embraces new ways of thinking (Golańska and Kronenberg, 2020). Drawing requires both low (openness/receptiveness) and high (logical/analytical) focus thinking; to draw, one needs to be alert, organised and rational whilst observing time and space as part of an open-mindedness to the situation (Eames, 2008).
Artistic interpretations of the land arise from the cultural place, moment, geography and worldview we inherit/inhabit (Blaeser, 2020; Jokela, 2008) as part of a Relative Constructivist approach (Riley, 2008). Indigenous creative expression – informed by multiple ‘ways of knowing’ (e.g. kinship, empiricism, imagination) within a reciprocal cultural ontology – is built on intergenerational investment in place, in which artists are considered shamanic keepers of memory. Blaeser (2020), who reflects their native cosmology by creating picto-poems rooted in eco-signs, describes how Geopoetics sits within this tradition.
Understanding natural phenomena as independent agencies, in which they are ‘active’ cocreators of knowledge (Barrett, 2014, cited in Golańska and Kronenberg, 2020 p.307) invites philosophical-creative potentialities between human:other-than-human artistic collaboration (Magrane, 2015), such as Louise Bourque’s burial of film (Ryan, 2020).
Embodied Aesthetics
The Kantian sublime is the bridge that connects geoaesthetics to philosophical notions of body, object and self (Dixon et al,2013, cited in Magrane, 2015, p.88). Dewey (1934, cited in McWilliam, 2008, p.32) argues that aesthetic beauty emerges from the relationship between individual and object, in what he calls ‘the experience’. The senses – of which touch is the most dominant for artists (Eames, 2008) – are the keys to experiencing the ‘landscape from within’ (Jokela, 2008).
Comparable to the Hegelian concept of art (Riley, 2008), embodied knowledge that arises from direct contact within the world is crucial within the making process (White, 2003;2004, cited in Golańska and Kronenberg, 2020, p.308).
The coalescement of Gibson’s theory of ecological perception and Merleau-Ponty’s theory of phenomenological embodiment explains how creatively responding to a site is a form of embodiment, traces of which are left within the art (Sarkar, 2021). Poetry:Art emerges from tracking movement through space (Turnbull, 2020) through a physical:spiritual process known as ‘Transmotion’ (Vizenor, 2015, cited in Blaeser, 2020, p.39).
Magrane (2015) believes that a site can be enriched and possibly recalibrated as a result of mindful immersion and subsequent geopoetic expression. Jokela (2008) reflects on the meditative, holistic and aesthetic significance of space:time interactions with nature (e.g. hunting, foraging), by examining the environment in regards to objective, emotional and textual meaning.
Placement
Similarly to how Talbot (2008) describes how the work they produce is a method of orientating themselves in the world, Hawkins (2020) encourages an expanded field of geography within geopoetics – from artistic composition, to where we are in our disciplines. Phillips (2013, cited in Blaeser, 2020, p.37) describes how cosmologies may manifest in art through layout, relational processes and/or layering; for example, Perez (2020) reflects his Pacific Islander heritage by interpreting the blank page as an ocean, and Saunders (2019) situates their drawing practice – which investigates how applied line can be used to support:enhance biodiversity – within the Expanded Field of Drawing.
Berman and Burnham (2016) describe how ‘Earthworks’ are eco-sensitive artificial geographic modifications in which the lands material, spatial, temporal and environmental dynamics are investigated and translated into site-specific art (e.g. Robert Smithson’s Spiral Jetty, and Andy Goldworthy’s Woodline). However, Matless and Revill (1995, cited in Coleman, 2016, p.94) accuses art that ‘reworks nature’ is a form of capitalist exploitation and thus isn’t as ethical as it appears.
Acker (2020) highlights how art – politically rich with emotion and human experience – is not always welcomed within traditional geographic conversations despite its potential contributions within geographical thought. However, regardless of if geopoetics adopts an inclusive, expressive approach or an elitist, aesthetic practice, Madge (2014) asks who exactly has the peer validation skills to assess the artistic value of geopoetical works – the geographer or the artist?
World-Changing
The framing of the Climate Crisis has an enduring impact on how it is addressed both personally and in policy, but traditional ecological knowledge can be a useful navigational tool. Sustainability could be achieved from adopting a perspective of interdependency thus the dominant perpetuating economic-socio-political assumptions borne from the Anthropocene should be challenged (Magrane, 2018). Whether regarded as an environmental or national/global security issue, an apocalyptic issue or a revolutionary social opportunity (Hulme, 2009, and Manzo, 2012, cited in Magrane, 2018, p.157), geohumanities/geopoetics should focus on exploring new insights and practices in regards to how we deal with the pressing Climate Crisis (Magrane, 2021), which Hackmann et al (2014, cited in ibid.) described as much of a social problem as a material one.
Artists as Activists
Geographic issues enriched through creative-critical means help reach new audiences (Magrane, 2021) and are thus a world-making force (Hawkins, 2020). Buttimer (2010, cited in Magrane, 2015, p.94) looks to geophilosophical and holistic geopoetics to seek a radically better way of living, as transactional ecology and resulting aesthetic opportunities can lead to human:land:ecosystem change (Gobster et al, 2007, cited in Sarkar, 2021, p.15).
Wilson (1984, cited in Taylor, 2021, p.36) described art as a tool for discovery and artists as ‘expert observers’, both of which are able to instruct society through aesthetical ‘pleasing’. Geopoets are assuasive agents of change due to their skill in emotively expressing socio-environmental injustices (Dickson and Clay, 2020). Local identity and tradition, which are often rooted in earth-practices, are also enhanced and/or (re)constructed through the artistic embodiment of moving through nature (Jokela, 2008).
The ethical knowledge-production processes behind Geopoetics/Geoart is a form of eco-sensitive artivism that encourages non-hierarchical resilience and sustainable development (Golańska and Kronenberg, 2020). We can better discern and reply to the complex needs of the more-than-human by moving beyond mere ethical principles to embodied ethical practices (Alaimo and Hekman, 2008, cited in Coleman, 2016, p.88).
Many artists opting to promote empathetic perceptual engagement of land (Sarkar, 2021), and although Challen (2019) believes that the emerging generation of artists will track public anxiety about the Climate Crisis, they question why artists ‘should’ address the climate crisis when other professionals do not experience that obligation.
Regardless of whether or not individuals have belief in divine beings, participants of ‘Dark Green Religion’ (of which eco-sensitive artists can be considered part of) tend to feel a responsibility and empathy towards living things that facilitates protective cooperative action. This shared, religion-based worldview has the potential to heal social divisions and be a basis to create a more sustainable, respectful world (Kala, 2017; Taylor, 2011).
Eco-Literacy and Morality
The Age of Tech has fortified instrumental evaluations of the environment yet spending time with nature develops meaningful relationships, a sense of belonging, and awakened responsibility towards the earth as a result of awakened intrinsic valuations (McWilliam, 2008). The heightened awareness resulting from both observational (Ruskin, 1857, cited in Petherbridge, 2008, p.31) and site-specific drawing (Sarkar, 2021) can result in a sense of moral responsibility brought about ‘eco-literacy’ (Nelson, 2013, cited in Blaeser, 2020, p.30). Sarkar’s (2021) Merleau-Ponty:Gibson theory of embodied perception supports such environmental interaction and socio-political action, as ecological awareness and concern is heightened as a result of making nature-based art .
Influenced by Dewey, pedagogist Ho-Chul Lee developed a ‘living drawing’ approach to underline the relationship between aesthetic experiences and moral education. Through drawing practices, emotion, imagination and embodied reason were demonstrated to promote empathy, leading to moral reasoning and in turn moral action (Kim, 2016).
Transformation
Art helps develop a centered awareness of self in relation to, and how to live within, the world (Phillips, 2013, cited in Blaeser, 2020, p.37). Not only does site-specific art alter how audiences perceive and engage with the space it occupies (Taïeb, 2020), but also, through interpretation, demands that the reader/viewer embody an alternative perspective (Blaeser, 2020). Taylor (2021) builds on the transformational potential of Leopold’s (1949, cited in ibid. p.34) Land and kinship ethics in regards to the conservation of biological diversity; creative interspecies collaboration could potentially develop revolutionary levels of appreciation towards other species (Jevbratt, 2010, cited in Ryan, 2020, p.111).
There is an optimism that if a growing percentage of the human population develop genuine relationships and care for the earth, then we can look forward to healthy and resilient environmental and socio-ecological systems (Kala, 2017; Taylor, 2021) Kimmerer (2013) hopes for a world where stories, rooted in science but framed by an indigenous perspective, guide people to develop meaningful relationships with the Earth. Coleman (2016) hopes that power is influenced by artistic and socio-economic-political transformative actions.
Socio-political divisions are also challenged when diverse groups collaborate around environmental issues, which they often do (Adamson, 2012, cited in Coleman, 2016, p.88). However, when working within communities whom do not share one’s culture, race, language, country and/or history, it is essential to adopt a decolonised approach in order to navigate difficulties surrounding ethics, power and representation (McGiffen, 2020), as the Western approach to environmental catastrophe circles the novelty of disaster rather than acknowledge the associated historical continuity of dispossession and crisis caused by colonialism (DeLoughrey, 2019).
Conclusion
Although there is a considerable gap in the research surrounded the Geopoetics of Drawing, markmarking seems to lend itself to eco-sensitive geopoetical theory and embodied practice. Drawing fosters a multifaceted and experiential type of knowledge, a type of ‘knowing’, is crucial in unearthing ethical considerations, and developing meaning of any depth in how we relate to the Land.
Nature connectedness, especially that which recognises kinship, is a transformational process that heightens and intertwines both ecoliteracy and moral action. Mindful, creative interpretation of place can support an existential and spiritual transformation of self within the artist. The ethical practice, production and sharing of art:drawing helps to untangle and challenge centuries of anti-environmental, dualistic Western thinking and its subsequent Anthropocenic eco-societal damage. Western societies can learn a lot from – but not appropriate – indigenous cosmologies and other forms of Traditional Ecological Knowledge in pursuit of a deeper geopoetical connection with Nature.
Art is world-changing for its power to make facts relatable and emotively communicate personal experiences – both human and non-human – to wider audiences. Thus, artists – independently and/or in collaboration with communities and organisations – offer a strong voice in how we ought to relate to the Earth and in procuring new visions for a sustainable future. Eco-sensitive artists are encouraged to situate themselves within an expanded vision of creative geographies and adopt a decolonised practice that actively challenges eco-societal exploitation. However, at such pivotal point in our Anthropocenic history, there are questions about how duty-bound artists are to respond as canaries, healers, soothsayers or visionaries.
There are three interwoven pathways to understanding the earth and kinship ethics; direct experience in Nature, the sciences and the arts (Taylor, 2021). Creative, scientific, material, existential, emotional and spiritual transformation – on which the survival of humanity relies – requires an integrated both/and approach to all three.
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